Sharpness (long and dull)
Wiley Horne--Glendora CA
>Greg,
You pose a great question--what are the attributes of a sharp edge? Sharp enough for me is when the blade slides at a right angle easily through an edge of newsprint. But doesn't each of us develop his/her own test of working sharpness? Hair cutting, fingernail catching, end grain paring, newsprint cutting, various light/reflectance tests. Then it gets more fine grained: Does it pop the hair, or only knock it off? Will it split the hair in mid-air 1/4" above the arm? etc etc.
There are deeper inquiries into 'what is sharp?'. Leonard Lee's analysis of shaving formation, and electron microscope images of blade edges and abrasives; the more recent studies of edge dynamics, still ongoing, by Brent Beach. And the tests of initial sharpness, and dulling rates of various steels, by Steve Elliott--these may lead us to the right attributes.
I would like to rephrase your question a bit--what are the attributes of a durable and sharp edge? 'Durable' because some initially sharp edges dull quickly, while others last.
I don't the answer to the question. But for the sake of discussion, would suggest a couple of hypotheses concerning attributes which should be present, before we get to the hair popping, newsprint, end grain, etc, tests:
1. Hypothesis 1: Clearance Angle (plane blades). Lots of clearance angle is good. Brent Beach on his site analyzes dullness, and he argues or hypothesizes that in many cases what we perceive as dullness is actually loss of clearance angle--the edge may still be working sharp! Example: Suppose a bevel-down plane is bedded at 45 degrees. And suppose the blade is sharpened at, say 35-40 degrees--or is microbeveled or otherwise rounded into that ballpark. That 5-10 degrees of clearance could be rapidly used up by formation of what Brent calls the 'wear bevel'. The plane can be bumping along on its hiney, with a fairly sharp edge. So 'durably sharp' would include plenty of clearance angle. This proposition could be tested by preparing the same blade at different bevel angles, and comparing feet planed at each angle. Graph feet planed versus clearance angle. This could be a quite complex curve, with 'feet planed' increasing with clearance angle to some threshhold, then levelling out, then actually declining as the steel begins to break down at some acute bevel angle.
2. Hypothesis 2: Compactness. The edge should resist being abraded, shredded, taken apart--by wood. A blade could test sharp, but be toothy, or feathered out and wispy, so that it would abrade and degrade quickly in action. I'm not dead certain this is correct--one could imagine that a toothy edge on an extremely abrasive-resistant steel might attack the wood successfully rather than being abraded itself. And of course each application is different, e.g., smooth planing versus mortise chopping. But let's talk planing now, since that's where the testing is happening. It seems to me that compactness, with every carbide and grain of steel providing lateral support for the one next to it, is best. But who knows? Testing this hypothesis, or it's opposite, would require photomicroscope images of edges going through their full cycle from initial sharpness to breakdown. And then some sort of metric for toothiness or compactness.
The testing programs which are on-going right now by Brent and Steve, will be able to settle these or similar questions.
Wiley