chemistry
Bill Tindall, E.Tn.
The water dissolved some of the calcium that was in the concrete. As the solution came to the surface it reacted with carbon dioxide in the air to make calcium carbonate which came out of solution to make this solid which precipitated from the calcium rich solution. This phenomena is common when water permeates mortar because mortar is permeable to water. Well made concrete is greatly less permeable to water. Unsure why you are seeing it.
Just wash it off. Do not recommend vinegar treatment.
While the concrete may appear dry it could take days for the water that permeated the concrete to diffuse back out. Lay a piece of plastic on a test area and see if it is damp the next day underneath.