Wood Treatment

Wood will last forever if protected from something chewing on it or digesting it. Insect poisons will prevent chewing. Fungicides will prevent fungi from digesting wood. Fungi and many insects are not able to attack dry wood. The first line of defense is to protect wood from getting and staying wet. Where keeping wood dry is not possible it must be treated with insect and fungi poisons to prevent destruction or used in a location devoid of oxygen. Some underwater and underground locations are devoid of oxygen and untreated wood will last forever in these locations.

Wood preservative chemicals

Creosote, a mix of toxic chemicals distilled from coal, is a water repellant as well as a poison for insects and fungi. It has been used for a long time and continues to be used for materials such as RR ties where its toxicity is less a problem.

Copper is toxic to many insects and fungi. Many wood treatment processes use copper in one form or another.

A particularly effective preservative is a combination of copper, chromium(chromate) in the plus 6 valance state and arsenic. It is known and labeled as "CCA" and it kills everything that tries to eat it. The chromium component binds to the wood and the copper and arsenic binds to the chromium to retard loss of the treatment by leaching. (Chromium in the plus 6 oxidation state, called chromate, is one of the few chemicals that are a proven human carcinogen.)

Preservative formulations less toxic to humans use a soluble copper compound plus a fungicide to kill species of fungi that are not killed by copper alone. While many fungicides have been used, only a family of chemicals called "azoles" are commonly used today. The combination of a soluble copper compound and azole is labeled "CA". When the copper is added as tiny particles of copper oxide the product is called "MCA", abbreviating the description "micronized copper azole". Various kinds of azoles have been used over time starting with formulation CA-A, followed by CA-B and most recent CA-C or MCA-C if micronized copper is used. If a new treatment is developed in the future it will have some different letter code indicating it composition.

There are other wood treatments, for example borates for termites and powder post beetles, but they have limited application for outdoor lumber preservation.

How lumber is treated

To be effective the treatment chemicals must be driven deep into the wood. Heartwood is not very permeable to water based treatment chemicals. Hence, species with a large fraction of sapwood are preferred for treatment. Plantation grown southern yellow pine is ideal. Trees that have a larger portion of heartwood such as Fir or Oak must be incised to gain access for the treatment chemicals.

A common treatment is to kiln dry the pine, seal the lumber in a chamber with treatment chemicals and then force the chemicals into the wood with pressure. The process takes about a day. Ties treated with creosote are treated with a combinations of high heat, vacuum and pressure without predrying the wood. This process works for species that have a larger portion of heartwood.

History

Creosote and CCA (chromate copper arsenate) have been used for many decades because they work especially well. However, these treatments are toxic to humans and the government demanded that they not be used where human exposure was likely, for example residential decks. Companies providing creosote and CCA treated timber are wary about liability from selling this treated timber if there is risk of the lumber being used where there could be contact by the general public.

In 2003 the Federal government obtained agreement from wood treatment companies that they would not sell CCA treated lumber for residential use. States and organizations like the Forest Service adapted regulations for other applications of lumber with this treatment. As a general rule if there is risk of human contact the use of CCA treated lumber is prohibited. Following Forest Service and State regulations for our bridges, CCA treated lumber is acceptable for ties, runners, and in ground posts. It is not acceptable for decks and rails.

Some combination of copper and a fungicide is used to replace the banned CCA treatment. The soluble copper in these new treatments is especially corrosive to steel and aluminum. This soluble copper is more subject to leaching and loss.

By 2014 it was recognized that the recommended treatment for above ground applications like decks and rails was not providing sufficient protection of the wood to fungal decay. In 2014 the organization that provides standards for wood treatment recommend doubling the amount copper and azole fungicide used in lumber for above ground applications, decks for example. These changes mean that experience with the life of "above ground" approved wood in the time range before 2003, from 2003 to 2014, and after 2014 could be substantially different.

Recently a new form of copper has gained wide usage in treated lumber. It is called "micronzed copper", "MC". Micronized copper is extremely finely divided copper oxide, fine enough that it can be driven into the wood by the pressure of the wood treatment process. Copper oxide is sparingly soluble, yet sufficiently soluble to kill most fungi and insects. The insolubility of copper oxide substantially lessens loss by leaching and as a bonus lessens corrosion of steel fasteners. MC treated lumber treated is less green because it contains less green soluble copper.

Specifying treated lumber

Lumber is treated with more or less chemicals depending on the application. A support post of a pole barn will require a different treatment than an easily replaced porch rail. To know what to specify requires decoding the treatment language and the corresponding tags on the ends of treated lumber.

Treatment is specified in words, by the weight of treatment chemicals retained in the lumber in pounds per cubic foot (pcf), and a letter code. Examples follow for common applications.

"Above Ground" -- 0.06 pcf

"UC3A" lumber contains the least amount of treatment chemicals and the intended use is above ground. It is this treatment that was found inadequate for typical above ground use.

"Ground Contact" -- 0.12 pcf

"UC4A" is a medium duty treatment which after 2014 is recommended for residential decks and rails.

"Heavy Duty Ground Contact" -- 0.23 or 0.32 pcf

"UC4B" contains correspondingly more treatment chemicals for applications where replacement would be difficult or in structures where risk of wood failure must be avoided. There can be a letter code preceding the number for the amount of treatment chemical retained that specifies the treatment chemical used. "CA-C" is the most modern "Type C Azole" soluble copper formulation. "MCA-C" indicates use of the micronized copper material. The code for CCA treatment is "CCA" followed by a retention number, usually 0.4 or 0.6 pcf. (There are other treatment codes for sea water exposure, fire retardant, etc., which are not of interest to us.)

Decoding the lumber tag

The tag on the end of the lumber provides a wealth of information about where the lumber was treated, what it was treated with and how much, the recommended use of the lumber and whether it was inspected to ensure it met specification. An example of a typical lumber tag and the "decoder ring" for tags is shown below. If the treated lumber has no tag, "landscape timbers" for example, it is a good bet that the lumber is minimally treated.